Single Transferable Vote

Systems Guide

Single Transferable Vote

No electoral system is perfect. Some, however, are more perfect than others.
We believe that where candidates are being elected to multiple vacancies, STV offers voters the best and most effective choice.

What is STV?

STV uses preferential voting in multi-member constituencies. Each voter gets one vote, which can transfer from their first-preference to their second-preference and so on, as necessary. Candidates don't need a majority of votes to be elected, just a known 'quota', or share of the votes, determined by the size of the electorate and the number of positions to be filled.
If your preferred candidate has no chance of being elected or has enough votes already, your vote is transferred to another candidate in accordance with your instructions. STV thus ensures that very few votes are wasted, unlike other systems, especially First-Past-the-Post, where only a small number of votes actually contribute to the result.

Why STV?

STV gives voters more choice than any other system. This in turn puts most power in the hands of the voters, rather than the party heads, who under other systems can more easily determine who is elected, meaning that under STV MPs' responsibilities lie more with the electorate than those above them in their party.

  •  Fewer votes are 'wasted' (i.e. cast for losing candidates or unnecessarily cast for the winner) with STV. This means that most voters can identify a representative that they personally helped to elect. Such a link in turn increases a representative's accountability.
  • STV offers voters a choice of representatives to approach with their concerns post-election, rather than just the one, who may not be at all sympathetic to a voter's views, or may even be the cause of the concern.
  • Competition is generally a good thing. Competition to provide a good service to constituents is no different.
  • There are no safe seats under STV, meaning candidates cannot be complacent and parties must campaign everywhere, and not just in marginal seats.
  • When voters have the ability to rank candidates, the most disliked candidate cannot win, as they are no good at picking up second-, third- and lower-preference votes.
  • There is no need for tactical voting.
  • There is a more sophisticated link between a constituency and its representative. Not only is there more incentive to campaign and work on a more personal and local level, but also, the constituencies are likely to be more sensible reflections of where community feeling lies. 

Real-world application of STV

·         All elections in the Republic of Ireland, except elections for the presidency and by-elections which are both conducted using the Alternative Vote.
·         Assembly, European and local government elections in Northern Ireland.
·         Local elections in Scotland, from 2007.
·         The Australian Senate.
·         The Tasmanian House of Assembly.
·         The indirect elections to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's federal Parliament.
·         All elections in Malta.
·         Various local authorities in New Zealand.
·         Many UK student unions (it is promoted by the National Union of Students as the fairest electoral system) and other private organisations.

STV in Britain

The use of STV in Britain is not without precedent. In 1917, the House of Commons voted in favour of proposals to use STV for 211 of the 569 UK constituencies and the Alternative Vote for the rest. However, after five successive rejections by the House of Lords, the plans were ditched.
STV was used for the university constituencies from 1918 until the abolition of university seats in 1950.

Different forms of STV

STV differs slightly depending on where in the world it is used.
For elections to the Australian Senate, for example, most voters cast their vote for a party ticket 'above the line'. This distributes preferences according to a party's wishes and thus makes the Senate elections more like open-list PR.
In Malta, there is an allowance for adjustments to be made if one party ends up with the most votes but not the most seats.

Different ways to count an STV election

There are a number of ways to count an STV election. The Electoral Reform Society recommends its own rules for counting votes under STV, which can be read here>>.
See Wikipedia for more information on the different methods.

Downloads


Leaflet

What is Stv?

Leaflet

Download Leaflet
 

Leaflet

Questions and Answers on STV

Leaflet

Download Leaflet
 

A guide for agents and parties

Campaigning Under STV

A guide for agents and parties

Download A guide for agents and parties
 

A guide STV in Northern Ireland

Electing the Assembly Northern Ireland

A guide STV in Northern Ireland

Download A guide STV in Northern Ireland

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